Phytopharmacy Research

Phoenix loureiroi fruit is an edible fruit and it is also called as mountain dates. The present study is to estimate the phytochemical constituent by using three different solvent such as aqueous, chloroform and ethanol. Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins are estimated. The highest concentrations of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannin were seen in ethanolic extracts, the moderate concentrations seen in chloroform extracts and the low concentrations of phytochemical analysis are seen in the aqueous fruit extract of Phoenix loureiroi. Saponin was high in aqueous extract. The quantification of the secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Tannins and Saponins were quantified from the plant source to pioneer the novel therapeutic drugs for various infectious diseases. Keywords: Edible, Mountain dates, secondary metabolites, Novel therapeutic drugs, Infectious diseases.

The purpose of work is to investigate the effect of ethanol (ETH) and chloroform (CTH) fraction of Taxillus heyneanus whole plant extract against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. For this, animals were pretreated for 30 days with ETH and CTH (200 & 400 mg/kg, p.o) and ischemia was induced by occluding both common carotid arteries for 30 mins followed by 45 mins reperfusion (RF) along with ferric chloride induced thrombosis (FIT). By the end of post treatment for a week, various parameters such as behavioral, neuro-biochemical and histological changes were assessed. The combination of global(BCCAO) and focal (FIT) ischemic model along with reperfusion (RF) has induced prominent ischemic insult indicated by depletion of antioxidant enzymes and elevation of glutamate & lipid peroxidation levels. Pre-treatment with ETH significantly improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, GSH, GST, GR and CAT), total protein levels and decreased the lipid peroxidation, glutamate excitotoxicity and neuronal death. The results established neuro protective role of ETH in cerebrovascular insufficiency states and cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury which may attribute to presence of polyphenol compound and tannin in it. Keywords: BCCAO, Reperfusion, Taxillus heyneanus, Thrombosis.

Lipid peroxidation is take place in the human body during the free radical reaction due to reactive oxygen species generation. During the reaction it releases the degraded components like malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) components which forms a complex with thiobarbutric acid (TBA) it yield a pink colour. Inhibition of peroxidation is determined by low level of MDA by reduced level of pink colour formation. It was assayed by using thiobarbutric acid as detecting agent. Keywords: Thiobarbutric acid, Malonyl dialdehyde, Peroxidation, Detecting agent.

The genus Phellinus is distributed to different ecogeographic zones causing different kinds of rots in living and dead angiosperms and gymnosperms. Many species of Phellinus are in use due to their nutraceutical and medicinal attributes all across the world since ages. However quality standards and biological activities are not studied for all species. This work aims at comparative evaluation of macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, and mycochemical composition of hymenophores of Phellinus gilvus and P. torulosus collected from different localities of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Phellinus gilvus differs from P. torulosus in host, habit, external hymenophore characteristics, context, pore tubes, number of pores, margins, setae, shape and size of basidiospores. The hymenophore of each species was air-dried and pulverized to powder which was used for evaluation of physicochemical parameters, preparation of extract that in turn was used screening of mycochemical composition. Physicochemical analysis showed variation in relation to foreign matter, moisture content, dry matter, emulsion values, ash content, absorption properties, emulsion properties, dispersibility and flow properties. Mycochemical screening of hydroalcoholic extract (70% ethanol) showed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinone glycosides, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. Keywords: Hymenophore, Phellinus, taxonomy, Uttarakhand.

Solute carrier is a membrane protein that transport solutes such as ions, metabolites and peptides across biological membranes. The present study evaluates the ligand docking of solute carrier family 12 member 1(NKCC2) with 2-[1-(3-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethylidene]-indan-1,3-dione isolated from methanol extract of Dichrostachys cinerea leaves, 2‐bromoethyl 2‐ (chloromethyl) but‐3‐enoate, 6-furan-2-yl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid 2-bromo-ethylester isolated from methanol aerial and root extracts of Aerva lanata and ligands of standard drug furosemide. The docking analysis of solute carrier family 12 member 1 (NKCC2) was based on the measurement of binding energy against diseases like congestive heart failure and hypertension. The binding energies obtained for 2-[1-(3-chloro-1H - pyrazol-4-yl)-ethylidene]- indan -1, 3- dione, 2- bromo ethyl - 2- (chloro methyl) but- 3- enoate, 6-furan-2-yl - 2-oxo-1, 2-dihydro – pyridine - 3-carboxylic acid and standard drug furosemide were found to be - 7.30 KCal/mol, 6.73 KCal / mol, 7.04 KCal / mol, – 8.20 KCal/ mol which is exothermic and is possible. From the binding energies obtained for 2-[1-(3-chloro-1H - pyrazol-4-yl)-ethylidene]- indan -1, 3- dione, 2- bromo ethyl - 2- (chloro methyl) but- 3- enoate, 6-furan-2-yl - 2-oxo-1, 2-dihydro – pyridine - 3-carboxylic acid and standard drug furosemide, the best binding energy was obtained for standard drug furosemide and is found to be -8.20ΔG which is exothermic. Thus, from the above information, the ligand docking of solute carrier family 12 member 1(NKCC2) with standard drug furosemide is found to be very effective in the transport of solutes across the biological membranes which help to prevent congestive heart failure and hypertension. Keywords: Hypertension, Furosemide, Binding, Docking, Solute carrier, Heart failure.

The present study is aims to investigate the antibacterial activities of crude methanol extracts of 24 southern Western Ghats wild mushrooms. Crude methanol extracts from 24 mushrooms from southern Western Ghats, India were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Eggerthella lenta, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion method. The study revealed that about 67% of the mushrooms inhibited growth of all the test bacteria, 29% was active against any of the two test bacteria and 4% were completely inactive. Amoxicillin used as standard reference. 15 mushroom species showed strong antibacterial activity against Eggerthella lenta higher than the standard antibiotic (Amoxicillin). 11 mushrooms showed strong antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus higher than the standard antibiotic (Amoxicillin). The best in vitro antibacterial activity was by Gymnopilus junonius (26.0 mm against Eggerthella lenta; 25.0 mm against Vibrio parahaemolyticus) followed by Tricholoma equestre (21.0 mm against Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Gymnopilus junonius, Tricholoma equestre and Trametes versicolor have higher antibacterial activity than that of standard antibiotic.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Macrofungi, Western Ghats, Gymnopilus junonius, Tricholoma equestre, Trametes versicolor.