Anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. was studied in Wistar rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight shows moderate to significant anti-inflammatory activity. The methanolic extract of Indigofera enneaphylla Linn reduced the edema induced by carrageenan by 23.10 % and 31.55 % respectively on oral administration of200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight as compared to the untreated control group. Aspirin at 20 mg/kg body weight inhibited the edema volume by 30.75 %. The results indicated that the methanolic extract 400 mg/kg body weight shows more significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity when com-pared with the standard and untreated control.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Indigofera enneaphylla Linn, Carrageenan.
2.
A STUDY REPORT FROM PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES WHICH CROs PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
A contract research organization is a third party service provider organization that provides support to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the form of outsourced pharmaceutical research services for both drugs and medical devices. The CRO will provide up-to-date technical information which is a big support for pharmaceutical industries for extinction of knowledge on the current regulations. Outsourcing will save time, which is often critical because any delay in production processes, batch releases, or obtaining approvals from regulatory bodies can severely damage a company\'s prospects. CROs will be work in close collaboration with their clients, providing smart solutions to their needs, establishing and transferring methods quickly, and ensuring that information transfer is efficient, secure, and confidential. The study included of about 40 pharmaceutical R & D outsourcing companies. Survey was conducted from 2009 to 2012. Out of 40 pharmaceutical outsourcing companies selected of which 25 pharmaceutical R & D outsourcing companies were from India and remaining 15 pharmaceutical R & D outsourcing companies were from outside of the India mostly from USA. Among the 25 Indian pharmaceutical R & D outsourcing companies, of which 10 pharmaceutical companies were blend for both R& D outsourcing and R & D in sourcing. Survey may help the pharmaceutical companies to increase the outsourcing and insourcing their products to faster the out-come.
Keywords: R & D, Outsourcing, CROs, Pharmaceutical industries.
3.
ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA ROXB
K Hemamalini*, A Rajani, M Vijusha, EG Ratna Sundari
Holoptelea integrifolia is one of the medicinally important plant belonging to the family Ulmaceae, commonly known as Indian Elm, Kanju. It is a large deciduous tree, commonly found throughout the greater part of India. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the Anthelmintic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Albendazole was used as a standard drug to compare the test results. Indian Adult earth worms (Pheretima posthuma) were used for the study. The results were interpreted as time taken for paralysis and death of the earth worms. The study concluded that the methanolic leaf extract of Holoptelea integrifolia showed significant Anthelmintic activity.
Bauhinia variegata Linn (Kachnar) is a medium size popular ornamental tree belonging to family Caesalpiniaceae (Pea family). The various part of tree like leaves, flowers, flower buds, stem bark, stem seeds and roots are popular in various medicine systems like ayurveda, unani, homeopathy in India for the cure of variety of diseases. The reported biological activities are anti tumor activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activities, analgesics and antiulcer activity, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activity, anti-eosinophilic, anthelminthic activity, antimicrobial activity, nephroprotective, immunomodulatory activity, anntioxidant and Free radical scavenging activity, hepatoprotective activities. Wide range of chemical compounds flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, oxepins, fatty acids and phytosterols are present. The present review discusses phytochemistry and pharmacology of Bauhinia variegata and its usage in different ailments will be supportive for future researcher.
The aim of the present study was to isolate and study about the anti-ulcer activity of astaxanthin from Shrimp of the species Aristeus alcocki. Astaxanthin a carotenoid present in marine yeast and crustaceans posses a wide range of pharmacological activity. Shrimp was collected from Cochin, Kerala during the month of August 2012. The samples were collected and transported to the laboratory under iced conditions. The yield of dried shell was determined by weighing after dried at 50°C in oven for 24h. Samples were stored at two temperatures, of 25°C and -20°C until use. The material was thawed in running water before use and homogenized in a laboratory mixer. The antibacterial activity was studied on several organisms like Bacillus Subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The extract showed excellent antibacterial activity than the standard chloramphenicol. Among this pseudomonas aeroginasa showed maximum inhibition.
Keywords: Astaxanthin, Metapenaeus dobsoni, Chemical extraction, Antibacterial activity, Fermentation, Well diffusion assay.
6.
PHYTOCOMPOUNDS FROM PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS AS POTENTIAL COX-2 INHIBITORS
To explore the phytocompounds isolated from Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. for their selective COX-2 inhibitory activity using docking analysis. The docking of the target protein (6COX) with the phytochemical ligands was performed using the VLife MDS software. We have carried out flexible docking for sixty two structurally diverse phytocompounds isolated from Phyllanthus amarus for their selective COX-2 inhibitory activity. Thirty two molecular structures of phytocompounds present in the Phyllanthus amarus have affinity to the COX tube which were optimized for the docking study. The molecular docking scores identify the ligands that bind with similar orientation as observed with SC-558 (reference ligand) for COX. These compounds can be considered as good COX-2 inhibitors. Twelve phyto-compounds showed potent COX-2 inhibitory activity. These findings could be exploited in future for designing ligands in order to obtain novel molecules as selective COX-2 inhibitor.
Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn., Phytocompounds, COX-2 and docking.
7.
EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON THE GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MARINE DIATOM, CHAETOCEROS SIMPLEX (OSTENFELD, 1901)
The growth and biochemical composition of microalgae are considered to its potential utilization for various purposes. Culture conditions could amend the growth and biochemical composition of microalgae. The marine diatom Chaetoceros simplex has been examined for its growth and biochemical composition in different nitrate, phosphate and silicate concentrations. Growth, protein and carbohydrate content of C. simplex were significantly changed among the concentrations of macronutrients investigated. The maximum cell density, 18.23 × 105 cells ml-1 was reached in 1764 μM nitrate, 18.21 × 105 cells ml-1 was reached in 72.4 μM phosphate and 19.56 × 105 cells ml-1 was reached in 212 μM silicate concentration. The growth rate showed increasing trends with increase up to the concentration of silicate 265 μM, nitrate 2646 μM and phosphate 90.5 μM. The carbohydrate and chlorophyll ‘a’ content showed increasing trends with increase in concentration up to 1764 μM nitrate, 72.4 μM phosphate and 212 μM silicate. The protein showed increasing trends with increase in concentration of nitrate phosphate and silicate up to 2205 μM nitrate, 90.5 μM phosphate and 265 μM silicate. Based on the results of the present study, Chaetoceros simplex culture could be used as larval feed or other purposes cultured using the above nutrient concentrations.
The antioxidant potential of the acetone and ethanol extract of three seaweeds (Enteromorpha compressa, Turbinaria conoides and Gelidiella acerosa) were evaluated by total antioxidant activity assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay and ferric reduction assay. Amongst the seaweeds, the acetone extract of T. conoides was exhibited the maximum antioxidant activity in the following assays such as total antioxidant activity assay (222.68±2.09 mg ascorbic acid/g), DPPH radical scavenging assay (47.24±1.31%), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay (54.29±1.30%) and ferric reduction assay (2.67±0.003). The higher phenolic content (12.45±0.20mg gallic acid equivalents/g) was also recorded in acetone extract of T. conoides. Over all, the acetone extract of T. conoides was found to yield better antioxidant activity than the other tested seaweeds and this may be attributed with the higher phenolic content of T. conoides. However, further studies still needed to identify the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity of T. conoides for its future application in the field of medicine.
Aloe vera is species of succulent plants belonging to family Liliaceae. It is easily available, cheap, multipurpose, mucilaginous plant. Various herbal formulation of Aloe vera are available in market like herbal soap, face wash, shampoo, cream etc Moreover, Aloe vera has been reported to have various pharmacological activities like wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-hypercholestremic etc. Present review article will provide a guideline for new researchers.
This work presents the synthesis, characterization and implication of magnetic nanoparticles in identifying the antibiotic sensitivity on gram positive bacteria with one of the important carrier oil (Olive oil ), which is so useful in biomedical applications and here used as stabilized agent. The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation method and stabilized with bio-surfactant such as olive oil. These nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction method, FTIR analysis, particle size analyzer and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Structure of initial magnetite nanoparticles synthesized was confirmed by XRD analysis and the estimation of nanoparticles size with the value of 20-50 nm and it was confirmed with TEM. The attachment of functional groups of oils was predicted using FTIR spectroscopy. Studies indicate that olive oil stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles show effective antibacterial activity toward the gram- positive bacterium bacillus cereus compared to sample which was prepared without any stabilizer. The results suggest that iron oxide NPs with surface coating of olive oil could potentially be used as an effective antibacterial agent. Keywords: Super paramagnetic Iron oxide nanoparticles, Olive oil and bacillus cereus.
11.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF TRICALYSIA SPHAEROCARPA (DALZELL EX HOOK.F.) GAMBLE BY GC-MS
Tricalysia sphaerocarpa is commonly known as wild coffee and its basianym was Discospermum sphaerocarpum Dalzell ex Hook. F. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry is an important technique used for metabolic profiling in plants and also used for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of organic compounds. Totally 30 chemical compounds were identified from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Tricalysia sphaerocarpa, among which fatty acid is the major group consists of 9 compounds. Eicosanoic acid was found to be present as the major compound with peak area 35.77% and retention time 21.865minutes, followed by octadecanoic acid (18.81%).
Aims & Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of aqueous extract of Sapindus trifoliatus in albino rats and albino mice. Materials & Methods: Laboratory bred albino mice and albino rats of either sex were used for the study. The animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions. The study was done using various methods like Haffner’s tail clip method in mice, Radiant heat method in rats and 0.6% Acetic acid induced writhing methods in mice. The statistical analysis of data was done using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. P value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: The test animals treated with Aqueous Extract of Sapindus trifoliatus (AEST) have shown an increase in the reaction time at 30mins, 60mins and 90mins post administration compared to pretreatment levels. In the writhing test there was a dose dependent reduction in the number of writhes in the test animals pretreated with aqueous extract of Sapindus trifoliatus. Conclusion: The Aqueous extract of Sapindus trifoliatus (AEST) has potent antinociceptive activity which was evident in all three pain models used in this study. Further isolation and purification of the crude aqueous extract and phytochemical studies may lead to compounds with potential analgesic activity.
Keywords: Pain models, Analgesic, Pre clinical, Sapindus, Tramadol, New drug.
