Free radicals have been regarded as a fundamental cause of different kinds of diseases. They cause biochemical damage in cells and tissues, which result in several diseases such as arteriosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, renal failure, aging, cancer, etc. Compounds that can scavenge free radicals are thus effective in ameliorating the progress of these related diseases. Cassia auriculata L. known locally as ‘avaram’ and belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae, a common plant in Asia, profoundly used in Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic, astringent and as a remedy for diabetes, conjunctivitis, ulcers, leprosy, skin and liver diseases.1 The objective of the present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant efficacy of ethonalic extract of Cassia auriculata leaves and flower (CALE & CAFE). Invitro antioxidant activity such as Reducing power ability , NBT reduction assay, Deoxyribose degradation assay was performed and was concluded that the ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers of Cassia auriculata showed significant antioxidant activity.
The present study evaluated the analgesic activity of the methanolic stem bark extract of Dialium guineense (Wild) using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction or writhing, tail immersion and hot plate models in albino Wistar mice. Test doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract were used while 400 mg/kg acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) was used as a standard reference drug orally by gastric gavage. In the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex model, D. guineense extract and the reference drug aspirin showed good analgesic activity by significantly (p<0.01) decreasing the mean total number of abdominal constriction or writhes in the mice in a dose dependent manner. Also the percentage inhibition of the abdominal constriction reflex was increased from zero % in the negative control group to 71% at the dose of 1000mg/kg.In the tail immersion model D. guineense extract at the dose of 1000 mg/kg significantly (p< 0.05) increased the pain reaction time (PRT) but had no analgesic activity at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. In hot plate model the extract just like the reference drug significantly (p< 0.05) increased the mean PRT at the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg while at the dose of 250 mg/kg there was also no analgesic activity. In conclusion, the methanolic stem bark extract of Dialium guineense demonstrated significant analgesic activity that may be mediated through peripheral pain mechanism.
Key words: Dialium guineense, Acetylsalicylic acid, Writhing, Hot plate, PRT.
3.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PROFILE OF TANNIC ACID ISOLATED FROM TERMINALIA CHEBULA
Himesh Soni*, Sarvesh Sharma, Sita Sharan Patel, Kaushelendra Mishra, A.K. Singhai
Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) is called the “King of Medicines”. The fruit of Terminalia chebula is being used for the treatment of different types of diseases and disorders since antiquity. During the last five decades, apart from the chemistry of T. chebula compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications of T.chebula. It is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. In the present work we have investigated the qualitative and quantitative determination of tannic acid isolated from the T.Chebula. Qualitative estimation was carried out by treating the sample with 5% FeCl3 and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The total phenolic content was found to be 20.01 as mg GAE/g. The simultaneous determination of the % condensed tannins was carried out by HPLC techniques. HPLC separation was performed on a Cyber Lab C-18 column (250 x 4.0 mm, 5μ) using Water[0.1 % orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in the ratio 90 : 10 (v/v) at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection of tannic acid were performed at 280 nm.
In Simple terminology Insomnia is described as sleeping problem wherein no matter how you want to rest and sleep, you can’t do it because of anxiety and frequent awakenings. Even though it is not a dreadful disease that you should be scared of, as this will cause several potent complications in insomniac Human beings. Insomnia is very common especially to people that have disturbed minds and have emotional problems. It is common in people suffering from psychological health issues. Sometimes in sleep literature it is described as a disorder demonstrated by polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep. Even though there are lot of Allopathic medicine and Phytomedicine available in this market, in one way all these Medicines are failed to treat Insomniac patient safely. As the available Allopathic medications will cause additional side effects on insomniac patients and coming to Phytomedicine especially in this case, there also a failure except in two or three medications as the clinical data of these medicines is not well established. So the Insomnia is a major prominent symptom or disease or problem in this restless society and it is a challenging one for researchers to cure it fulfil and safely.
Key Words: Insomnia, Allopathic Medicine and Phytomedicine.
5.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ROOT STOCKS OF POLYGONUM GLABRUM WILLD. FAMILY POLYGONACEAE
D. Jamal Basha *, Jyothi M. Joy, A. Saravana Kumar, G. Avinash kumar Reddy, M. Deena Dalith
Methanol extract of Polygonum glabrum (MEPG) was studied against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Pre-treatment and treatement with methanolic extract reduced biochemical markers of hepatic injury like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) ,Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and Total bilirubin (TB), levels demonstrated dose dependant reduction in the in vivo peroxidation induced by CCl4. Likewise, pre-treatment and treatment with methanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanism involved in this protection were also investigated in rats. The MEPG at 200, 400mg/kg was administered. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum transaminase (GOT and GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and bilirubin. The methanol extract of Polygonum glabrum produced significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, and bilirubin. These results suggest that MEPG could protect from paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation due to the presence of phenolic compounds and they eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites from paracetamol. This hepatoprotective activity was comparable with Silymarin. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the MEPG can be a potential source of natural hepatoprotective agent.
The present study is interpreting the existence of various phytoconstituents present in the different extracts of whole plant namely Canthium parviflorum Lam. These phytoconstituents were recognized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using the suitable colour developing reagents by spraying on the silica gel 60 coated chromatogram plate, which showed the pertinent intensity of the colour determining the significant phytoconstituent. Antibacterial activity of various extracts had been carried out and the results were tabulated. From the consequences on comparing with standard drug ciprofloxacin, it was found that Ethyl acetate extract has shown potent effect against the gram+ive strains (B.subtilis and S.aureus) and gram-ive strains (E.coli and K.pneumoniae) employed in this study. At the same time, hydro alcohol extract also shows a significant effect on the same strains. A significant antifungal activity was shown by ethyl acetate extract, when comparing with ketoconazole against A.niger, A.fumigatus and C.albicans. Elevation in concentration of the above-mentioned extract has shown enhancement in zone of inhibition on bacterial and fungal strains.
Key words: Canthium parviflorum Lam, Phytoconstituents, Zone of inhibition.
7.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN METHANOL EXTRACT OF THE LICHEN, RAMALINA FARINACEA AND AMPICILIN AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Akeem A. Agboke*, Charles O. Esimone, Anthony A. Attama, Mumuni A. Mohmoh
Ampicillin is used mainly to treat infections of the middle ear, sinuses, bladder, kidney, and uncomplicated gonorrhea. It is used intravenously to treat meningitis and other serious infections. The activities of this antibiotic were in some cases hindered by the b-lactamase producing resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Methanol extract of the lichen gave minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.05µg/ml against the Staph. aureus, showing that the methanol extract is very potent against the microorganism. Two clinical isolates of Staph. aureus were used for this work, Staph. aureus strains A and B. Antimicrobial interaction screening of the methanol extract with ampicillin, reveled that at combination ratios 9:1, 8:2, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7 of methanol extract and ampicillin showed synergism against Staph. aureus strain A, while at all the 8 combination ratios of Methanol extract and Ampicilin showed synergism against Staph. aureus strain B. This shows that in the treatment of infections of Staph. aureus the combination of the methanol extract of Lichen, Ramalina Farinacea and ampicilin can be used together to enhance potency of the ampicilin in some resistance cases of infection by Staph. aureus.
Oral administration of various doses (50, 100 and 250 mg/kg) of the methanol extracts of the stalk of Parkia biglobosa produced anti-inflammatory activities by reducing the croton oil ear inflammation, though not statistically relevant at p<0.01 level of significance. It also antagonised the oedema produced by carrageenin and arachidonic acid as well as the granuloma by cotton pellet in rats. The stalk also showed in vitro anti-oxidant activities using the DPPH. The extract is suspected to produce its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting both the lipo-oxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways of the arachidonic acid metabolism.
Stylosanthes Fruticosa Linn (Fabaceae) is a copiously branching woody herb or ascending shrub, and traditionally it has been used for diabetes, antihelmenthiasis and various other disorders. Since there is no other data regarding this plant our efforts were devoted to study the morphological, microscopical (transverse section and powder microscopy), fluorescence analysis, proximate analysis, Measurement of length and width of fibre and preliminary phytochemical profile of Stylosanthes Fruticosa Linn.were studied and documented as per the standard procedures available in the World Health Organization Geneva.
